Households in the UK where the woman is the sole earner are significantly poorer than those where the man is the only breadwinner, bucking the trend in western Europe.
The findings disprove the assumption that British women breadwinners are high-earning and empowered, says new research.
Dr Helen Kowalewska, of the University of Southampton, and Dr Agnese Vitali, University of Trento, Italy, analysed survey data on 171,697 people in the United States, Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.
Dr Kowalewska told the British Sociological Association’s annual conference in Glasgow today [Thursday 25 April] that the average (median) disposable income of UK households where the woman was the only earner was $13,983 [US dollars – see Note 1 at end]. Where the man was the sole earner, it was around $17,095.
In Western Europe, the US, Canada and Australia, households with women as the sole breadwinners earned more than those with just the men in employment, with only Germany and Norway as exception.
In southern and eastern Europe, the opposite was true – households with women as the sole breadwinners earned less than those with just the men in employment, with only Slovenia an exception.
“Our findings shed doubt on popular depictions of female breadwinners as high-earning, empowered women – instead they are often lower-educated,” Dr Kowalewska told the conference.
“Rather than reflecting women’s empowerment or greater gender equity, female breadwinners are in this position by default, forced to take up employment when their partner loses his job.
“One reason why the UK bucks the trend for western Europe is that women who are the sole breadwinners work significantly fewer hours, an average of 34 a week, compared with sole men breadwinners who work 43.
“They are also less likely to be in managerial or professional occupations – 29% – compared with 26% for men sole breadwinners.”
By contrast, the researchers found that where the main earner in UK households was the woman and her partner worked part-time, the total disposable income was around $25,968, slightly more than where the man was the main earner and the women worked part-time.
Households where both partners worked were the best off, with a disposable income – defined as the total income after tax – of around $32,505.
- The research is part of an Economic and Social Research Council-funded Future Research Leaders project, N. ES/N00082X/1 ‘Female-Breadwinner Families in Europe’. See: www.cpc.ac.uk/projects/57/Female_Breadwinner_Families_in_Europe#overview
For more information, please contact:
Tony Trueman
British Sociological Association
Tel: 07964 023392
tony.trueman@britsoc.org.uk
Notes:
1. Because this was a multi-country study, they chose to express all currencies in 2016 US dollars, using the Purchasing Power Parity system and a deflator from the World Bank. The researchers drew on data from the Luxembourg Income Study on 20 countries with at least one available wave of data in the 2010s, using the most recent wave of data for each country. Their sample was restricted to households containing two heterosexual cohabiting spouses or partners aged 18-65, where both members of the couple were (potentially) economically active. Couples in which either partner was in education, disabled, or retired were excluded. Couple-households in which both partners were unemployed or inactive were also excluded, as were couples living solely on capital income and couples living with other adults who were not their children. The countries were: Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States,
Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland, Czech Republic,
Estonia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Italy, Greece, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Norway.
2. The British Sociological Association’s annual conference takes place at Glasgow Caledonian University from 24–26 April 2019. Over 600 research presentations are given. The British Sociological Association’s charitable aim is to promote sociology. The BSA is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales. Company Number: 3890729. Registered Charity Number 1080235 britsoc.co.uk
